Protons are not what you think

Inside the Proton, the 'Most Complicated Thing' Imaginable

The positively charged particle at the heart of the atom is an object of unspeakable complexity, one that changes its appearance depending on how it is probed. We've attempted to connect the proton's many faces to form the most complete picture yet.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

This is an article talking about the structure of the proton. 

Podcast about the Nature paper including the research in protons

In the paper Evidence for intrinsic charm quarks in the proton, the authors m

The Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA), which operated in Hamburg, Germany, from 1992 to 2007, slammed electrons into protons roughly a thousand times more forcefully than the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) had. 

Previously, Gell-Mann and Zweig’s quark model suggested that the proton consisted of 3 quarks. However, the new results show a maelstrom of low momentum quarks and their counterparts, anti-quarks being present. According to a theory coined quantum chromatography (QCD), quarks in an atom were tied together with particle named gluons. 

According to QCD, gluons can pick up momentary spikes of energy. With this energy, a gluon splits into a quark and an antiquark — each carrying just a tiny bit of momentum — before the pair annihilates and disappears. It’s this “sea” of transient gluons, quarks and antiquarks that HERA, with its greater sensitivity to lower-momentum particles, detected firsthand.